Addison’s disease typically results from damage to the adrenal glands, which can occur for several reasons:

• Autoimmune response (most common in developed countries), where the body attacks its own adrenal tissue

• Infections such as tuberculosis or fungal infections

• Cancer that spreads to the adrenal glands

• Bleeding into the adrenal glands (adrenal hemorrhage)

• Genetic conditions affecting adrenal function

In rare cases, Addison’s can also be caused by certain medications or surgical removal of the adrenal glands.

Addison’s disease often develops gradually, and its symptoms may be mistaken for other health issues. Common signs include:

• Chronic fatigue and muscle weakness

• Unexplained weight loss

• Low blood pressure, especially when standing (causing dizziness or fainting)

• Abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting

• Salt cravings

• Skin darkening (hyperpigmentation), especially in scars or skin folds

• Irritability or depression

• Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

In times of physical stress, illness, or injury, people with untreated Addison’s disease are at risk for an adrenal crisis, a medical emergency characterized by severe dehydration, low blood pressure, and shock.

Addison’s disease is a lifelong condition, but with appropriate treatment and regular follow-up, patients can manage it successfully. Treatment typically includes:

• Hormone replacement therapy: Daily medications to replace cortisol (usually hydrocortisone) and, if needed, aldosterone (fludrocortisone)

• Stress-dose management: Adjusting medications during illness, injury, or surgery to prevent adrenal crisis

• Regular monitoring: Ongoing care to fine-tune hormone levels, manage symptoms, and adjust treatment as needed

• Emergency precautions: Patients are often advised to carry medical alert identification and may be prescribed injectable steroids in case of adrenal crisis